Use of yeast to screen for chemopreventatives for Alzheimer’s Disease (#50)
Amyloid
beta is a 42 amino acid peptide that is associated with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). In its oligomeric form, the peptide kills
neuronal cells, possibly commencing a process leading to the start of AD. There are considerable efforts to find ways
to reduce the oligomerisation of amyloid beta, through direct binding/blocking
agents. Other approaches are to reduce
the levels of the peptide through autophagic responses. In our studies yeast have been genetically
engineered to understand how to ameliorate amyloid beta toxicity. Amyloid beta has been fused to green
fluorescent protein (GFP) to enable its visualisation and oligomerisation in
real time. Yeast can reasonably model
aging due to the budding process. A
mother yields a bud a every cell division so daughter cells comprise 50% of the
population and mothers the remaining 50%.
Each new bud leaves a scar that is readily visualized so the age of a mother
cell can be readily ascertained. We show
that the youngest cells remove the amyloid beta-GFP using autophagy, while the
oldest cells retain it. The cells of
intermediate age that have the fusion can be induced to degrade the fusion
protein and reduce fluorescence using drugs that increase autophagy. For example, Dimebon, a drug used in AD has
been shown to reduce the green fluorescence.
Some compounds that inhibit oligomerisation in vitro have been shown to increase green fluorescence indicating
that they are bioavailable and inhibit oligomerisation in vivo as well. The
manipulated yeast offer a convenient method of in vivo screening for compounds that affect amyloid beta within
cells.