Genome editing by CRISPR-Cas9 in pathogenic fungi (#403)
Fungal infections are very important to the
medical community and are a cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among
the immunocompromised. Candida glabrata and Cryptococcus neoformans
are two prominent fungal pathogens, causing candidiasis and cryptococcosis,
respectively. Although there are now substantial genetic and genomic resources
for the study of these organisms, creating and maintaining multiple knockouts
in a single organism remains problematic. CRISPR-Cas9 is a novel system for
genomic editing and has been adapted to many eukaryotic organisms, recently
including the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces
pombe. Originally discovered as part of the bacterial immune system, DNA segments
from invading viruses or plasmids are incorporated into the CRISPR locus. These
are transcribed into RNA and direct CRISPR associated (Cas) endonuclease to complementary
sequences in the invader’s genome, where Cas introduces a double stranded
break. This system has been adapted to create gene disruptions or DNA
insertions, as subsequent repair must alter the target site to prevent further
Cas cleavage. Guide RNA (gRNA), a ~20 nt sequence specific to the gene of
interest, and cloned bacterial Cas protein are introduced into prokaryotic or
eukaryotic cells where they allow editing of the target gene. CRISPR-Cas9 has
not yet been applied to fungal pathogens, and the aims of this study are to
introduce it into the fungus Candida glabrata and Cryptococcus
neoformans. Bioinformatic analysis has identified numerous gRNA target
sites in multiple genes of interest across both organisms, including genes with
easily scored phenotypes where we can optimize the system. Successful
application of the CRISPR-Cas9 will enable highly targeted editing unhindered
by marker availability in these medically important organisms.