Antimicrobial and chlorhexidine mouthwash resistance of dental plaque bacteria (#412)
Chlorhexidine is mainly accepted as disinfectant
in hospital settings and is also used for oral hygiene in oral care formulations
as in mouthwashes/mouthrinses. In Pakistan self medication with antimicrobial
agents is common and increasing bacterial antimicrobial resistance is occurring,
thus adequate disinfection procedures are important. In this study bacteria
isolated from dental plaque were selected at random for antimicrobial
resistance analysis. These bacteria were characterized by 16S rRNA sequencing
as Chryseobacterium culicis,
Chryseobacterium indologenes, Acinetobacter johnsonii, Enterobacter ludwigii,
Streptococcus salivarius, and Pseudomonas
stutzeri. Antibiotic resistance profiles were measured using the disc
diffusion method. Chryseobacterium
species were found to be more resistant to multiple drugs including ampicillin,
kanamycin, gentamycin and tetracycline. S. salivarius
and P. stutzeri had high and
intermediate susceptibility to ampicillin respectively whilst the other species
were resistant to this drug. These dental bacteria showed diversity in biofilm
forming ability with P. stutzeri
found to be +the most biofilm producing.
P. stutzeri, A. johnsonii,
and E. ludwigii growth was inhibited with chlorhexidine gluconate (Sigma)
at 3.8 µg/ml in comparison with Chryseobacterium
sp. with minimum inhibitory concentration of 32 µg/ml. The efficacy of chlorhexidine
available from three different sources to inhibit growth of these species was
assessed. Antiseptic solution marketed to dental clinicians (Dentalife) was
found more effective against bacterial growth in comparison with other
products. Bacterial biofilm grown in a 96 well microtitre plate were exposed
for different time intervals to a commercial chlorhexidine-based mouthwash (chlorhexidine
gluconate 0.2%). The bacteria, particularly the Chryseobacterium sp. could survive up to 30 second exposures. Our
results indicate that antimicrobial resistant bacteria were readily isolated
from dental plaque and that chlorhexidine-based mouth wash should be used to mouth
rinse for at least 40 seconds to inhibit the growth of chlorhexidine resistant dental
plaque species.